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John Marshall Harlan (May 20, 1899 – December 29, 1971) was an American jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court from 1955 to 1971. His namesake was his grandfather John Marshall Harlan, another associate justice who served from 1877 to 1911. Harlan was a student at Upper Canada College and Appleby College and then at Princeton University. He continued his education at Balliol College, Oxford.〔 Upon his return to the U.S. in 1923 Harlan worked in the law firm of Root, Clark, Buckner & Howland while studying at New York Law School. Later he served as Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York and as Special Assistant Attorney General of New York. In 1954 Harlan was appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, and a year later president Dwight Eisenhower nominated Harlan to the United States Supreme Court following the death of Justice Robert H. Jackson.〔 Harlan is often characterized as a member of the conservative wing of the Warren Court. He advocated a limited role for the judiciary, remarking that the Supreme Court should not be considered "a general haven for reform movements".〔 In general, Harlan adhered more closely to precedent, and was more reluctant to overturn legislation, than many of his colleagues on the Court. He strongly disagreed with the doctrine of incorporation, which held that the provisions of the federal Bill of Rights applied to the state governments, not merely the Federal.〔 At the same time, he advocated a broad interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause, arguing that it protected a wide range of rights not expressly mentioned in the United States Constitution.〔 Harlan is sometimes called the "great dissenter" of the Warren Court, and has been described as one of the most influential Supreme Court justices in the twentieth century.〔 Justice Harlan was gravely ill when he retired from the Supreme Court on September 23, 1971.〔 He died from spinal cancer three months later, on December 29, 1971. After Harlan's retirement, President Nixon appointed William Rehnquist to replace him.〔 ==Early life and career== John Marshall Harlan was born on May 20, 1899 in Chicago, Illinois.〔 He was the son of John Maynard Harlan, a Chicago lawyer and politician, and Elizabeth Flagg. He had three sisters.〔 Historically, Harlan's family had been politically active. His forebear, George Harlan, served as one of governors of Delaware during the seventeenth century; his great-grandfather, James Harlan, was a congressman during the 1830s;〔 his grandfather, also John Marshall Harlan, was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1877 to 1911; and his uncle, James S. Harlan, was attorney general of Puerto Rico and then chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission.〔Dorsen, 2002, pp. 139–143〕〔 In his younger years, Harlan attended The Latin School of Chicago.〔Yarbrough, 1992, pp. 10–11〕 He later attended two boarding high schools in the Toronto Area, Canada: Upper Canada College and Appleby College.〔 Upon graduation from Appleby, Harlan returned to the U.S. and in 1916 enrolled at Princeton University. There, he was a member of the Ivy Club, served as an editor of ''The Daily Princetonian'', and was class president during his junior and senior years.〔 After graduating from the university in 1920, he received a Rhodes Scholarship, which he used to attend Balliol College, Oxford.〔Leitch 1978, pp. ?〕 He studied jurisprudence at Oxford for three years, returning from England in 1923.〔 Upon his return to the United States, he began work with the law firm of Root, Clark, Buckner & Howland (now known as Dewey & LeBoeuf), one of the leading law firms in the country, while studying law at New York Law School. He received his law degree in 1924 and earned admission to the bar in 1925.〔Yarbrough, 1992, pp. 13–16〕 Between 1925 and 1927, Harlan served as Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York,〔 heading the district's Prohibition unit.〔 He prosecuted Harry M. Daugherty, former United States Attorney General.〔 In 1928, he was appointed Special Assistant Attorney General of New York, in which capacity he investigated a scandal involving sewer construction in Queens.〔 He prosecuted Maurice E. Connolly, the Queens borough president, for his involvement in the affair.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=John Marshall Harlan Papers )〕 In 1930, Harlan returned to his old law firm, becoming a partner one year later. At the firm, he served as chief assistant for senior partner Emory Buckner and followed him into public service when Buckner was appointed United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York. As one of "Buckner's Boy Scouts", eager young Assistant United States Attorneys, Harlan worked on Prohibition cases, and swore off drinking except when the prosecutors visited the Harlan family fishing camp in Quebec, where Prohibition did not apply.〔 Harlan remained in public service until 1930, and then returned to his firm. Buckner had also returned to the firm,〔 and after Buckner's death, Harlan became the leading trial lawyer at the firm.〔 As a trial lawyer Harlan was involved in a number of famous cases. One such case was the conflict over the estate left after the death in 1931 of Ella Wendel, who had no heirs and left almost all her wealth estimated at 30–100 million to churches and charities. However a number of claimants, filed suits in state and federal courts demanding a part of her fortune. Most of the claimants were imposters; Harlan acted as the main defender of her estate and will as well as the chief negotiator. Eventually a settlement among lawful claimants was reached in 1933.〔Yarbrough, 1992, pp. 41–51〕 In the following years Harlan specialized in corporate law dealing with the cases like ''Randall v. Bailey'',〔288 N.Y. 280, 43 N.E.2d 43 (1942)〕 concerning the interpretation of state law governing distribution of corporate dividends.〔 In 1940, he represented the New York Board of Higher Education unsuccessfully in The Bertrand Russell Case in its efforts to retain Bertrand Russell on the faculty of the City College of New York; Russell was declared "morally unfit" to teach.〔 The future justice also represented boxer Gene Tunney in a breach of contract suit brought by a would-be fight manager, a matter settled out of court.〔〔Yarbrough, 1992, pp. 52–53〕 In 1937, Harlan was one of five founders of the controversial Pioneer Fund, a group associated with eugenics advocacy, and served on its board for long time. He, however, never played any significant role in the fund.〔Tucker, 2002, pp. 6, 51–53〕 During World War II, Harlan volunteered for military duty, serving as a colonel in the United States Army Air Force from 1943 to 1945. He was the chief of the Operational Analysis Section of the Eighth Air Force in England.〔 He won the Legion of Merit from the United States, and the Croix de guerre from both France and Belgium.〔 In 1946 Harlan returned to private law practice representing Du Pont family members against a federal antitrust lawsuit. In 1951, however, he returned to public service, serving as Chief Counsel to the New York State Crime Commission, where he investigated the relationship between organized crime and the state government as well as illegal gambling activities in New York and other areas.〔〔 During this time Harlan also served as chairman of a committee of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York. Later he was elected vice president of it. Harlan's main specialization at that time was corporate and anti-trust law.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Marshall Harlan II」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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